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Artificial Intelligence: Frequently Asked Questions About AI
Artificial intelligence could put jobs in jeopardy
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The advancement of artificial intelligence is progressing at a breakneck pace. While the technology is changing rapidly, the basic principles behind AI aren't new.
Artificial intelligence has been around for many years, and has been built upon by many different developers. Today, some of the most well known AIs include chatbots like ChatGPT and Google Bard, with many more to come.
These AIs have become more sophisticated and refined over the course of many iterations. These advancements are bringing AI to levels reaching what would be considered "strong AI," a machine that essentially has the same capabilities as a human mind.
© iStock There have been many artificial intelligence advancements made in recent years, bringing software closer to reaching "strong AI" status. IStock Following are links to articles that answer some of the most-asked questions about AI.
AI, or artificial intelligence, is a branch of computer science that is designed to understand and store human intelligence, mimic human capabilities including the completion of tasks, process human language and perform speech recognition. AI is the leading innovation in technology today and its primary goal is to eliminate tedious tasks and assist in immediately accessing extremely detailed and hyper-focused information and data.
© Reuters/Dado Ruvic/Illustration The four main types of artificial intelligence are reactive machines, limited memory, theory of mind and self-awareness. REUTERS/Dado Ruvic/Illustration The four main types of AI are reactive machines, limited memory, theory of mind and self-awareness. The most basic forms of AI are reactive machines and limited memory. Theory of mind and self-awareness are two stages in AI that are theoretical as of now, as they are still being developed. In the future, these two forms of AI could be among us. For a machine to reach the self-awareness stage of development, the most complex stage, it would need to possess the ability to form its own identity and become self-aware, as the name of the stage implies.
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While there are many recent developments in the AI field, the premise of it is not new, and the history of AI dates back to before chatbots. Some of the earliest names in AI were Alan Turing, who created the Turing machine, Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts, who expanded upon Turing's ideas and John McCarthy, who coined the term "artificial intelligence."
Promises, Perils, And Predictions For Artificial Intelligence In Medicine: A Radiologist's Perspective
I recently attended the 2023 annual meeting of the American Roentgen Ray Society (ARRS), one of the major professional societies for radiologists and medical imaging specialists. As expected, one of the "hot topics" was artificial intelligence (AI) and expected impact on radiologists in particular, as well as medical practitioners in general.
Although I could not attend all of the numerous lectures, panel discussions, and research presentations on AI, I did learn of many exciting developments as well as areas of both opportunity and concern. In this column, I'd like to share some thoughts on how AI will affect patients and physicians alike in the short-to-medium term future.
(Note: This discussion will be confined to so-called "narrow AI" to accomplish particular medical tasks, rather than "artificial general intelligence" or AGI that can simulate general human cognition. I'll leave the debate over whether a sufficiently advanced AI will exterminate humanity to others.)
1) AI will play an increasingly greater role in medical care, in ways both obvious and non-obvious to patients.
In my own field of radiology, AI will be used to enhance (but not yet replace) human radiologists making diagnoses from medical images. There are already FDA-approved AI algorithms to detect subtle internal bleeding within the brain or potentially fatal blood clots ("pulmonary embolism") within the arteries of the lung.
When properly used, these algorithms could alert the human radiologists that a patient's scan has one of these life-threatening abnormalities and "bump" the case to the top of the priority queue. This could significantly shorten the time between the scan and the appropriate treatment and thus save lives. (See this paper by Dr. Kiran Batra and colleagues from University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center for one example of the time savings achieved by AI.)
AI can also be used to enhance medical care in ways not directly related to rendering diagnoses. For instance, developers are working on physician "co-pilot" software that can sift through a patient's medical records and extract the information most relevant for the patient's upcoming visit to the radiology department (or internal medicine clinic, etc.). This could save the practitioners valuable time during each patient visit.
Robotic physician holding stethoscope
getty2) The AIs are still not perfect, and human physicians will still need to have the final say in diagnoses and treatments.
For example, AIs are pretty good in detecting early breast cancer in mammogram images, but still make errors. (Often they make errors humans don't, and vice versa.) This makes AI great as an "assistant" to the human radiologist, but not (yet) a viable replacement.
Thus, we will see an interesting period of time where human physician-plus-AI will perform better than either human alone or AI alone. At some point in time, I predict that AI-assisted medicine will become "standard of care" and physicians who do not incorporate AI into their daily practices could open themselves to lawsuits for practicing "substandard" care.
3) As AIs get better, humans may start to over-rely on them.
This phenomenon is known as "de-skilling." As an analogy (made by Dr. Charles Kahn of University of Pennsylvania in one of the ARRS panel discussions), suppose we develop self-driving automobiles that could handle most traffic conditions, but still required a human driver to take the wheel in emergencies. As AIs got increasingly better and the need for human intervention became less frequent, we human drivers could easily become complacent and lose good driving-related cognitive habits and reflexes.
If a partially-automated car going 70 mph on the highway suddenly alerted a human driver who hadn't truly driven in the past year to take over because of icy conditions ahead, things could go badly.
Similarly, if a human radiologist lets their cancer detection skills go rusty, they could run into trouble when the medical images included complex visual features beyond the ability of the AI to accurately parse.
My own personal approach will be to think of the AI as a tireless-but-quirky medical student constantly asking questions like, "Could that squiggle be a cancer? How about this dark line — is it a fracture? Could this dot be a small blood clot?" An inquisitive human medical student can keep experienced doctors on their toes in a good way, and the same could be true for an AI.
4) AI could take over some interactions with patients that currently require human medical personnel.
We're probably not too far from reaching the point that a LLM (Large Language Model) AI like ChatGPT could take a radiology report written in medical jargon and "translate" it into terms understandable to non-physicians — and possibly even answer follow-up questions about the significance of the findings.
A recent article by Ayers and colleagues in JAMA Intern Med compared how AI chatbots and human physicians responded to patient medical questions offered on social media. According to the judges (who were blinded as to the author of the answers), the chatbot answers were considered better both in terms of information quality and empathy than the human physicians' answers!
The use of artificial intelligence in medicine is a rapidly evolving field, and I've only scratched the surface of the exciting work being done. Given the rapid pace of developments, I don't know what things will look like in 5 months, let alone in 5 years. But I'm glad to be alive during this time of potentially massive innovation (and admittedly potentially uncomfortable upheaval). For now, I remain optimistic that AI could be an enormous boon for patients and physicians alike.
AI Covid Detection Research Earns Award
University of Leicester researchers have won an award for their work using artificial intelligence (AI) to detect Covid-19.
Prof Yudong Zhang and Dr Shuihua Wang developed software which analyses chest CT scans and uses algorithms to diagnose the virus.
The university said the system had a 97.14% accuracy rate.
Computer science publisher Elsevier said their work earned its 2022 Best Paper Award for Information Fusion.
Prof Zhang said: "It is wonderful to have our research and work recognised in this way by our peers.
"This award means our work has been recognized by a panel of top experts.
"We hope that, in the future, this type of AI technology will allow for automated computer diagnosis without the need for any bit of manual intervention to create a smarter, more efficient healthcare service."
Adapting technologyCurrently most Covid-19 detection is based on PCR tests which can produce false negatives when the physical effects of an illness lag behind their cause.
The researchers said AI could offer an opportunity to screen rapidly and effectively monitor virus cases on a large scale, reducing the burden on doctors.
They said their software has been used in hospitals in China to identify and grade H1N1 influenza.
The researchers said they would develop the technology further in the hope it could replace the need for radiologists to diagnose Covid-19 in clinics.
They also want to adapt and expand the software to detect and diagnose breast cancer and cardiovascular diseases.
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