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Linguistics Program Becomes Independent From CLPS
As of fall 2023, linguistics functions as an independent program from the Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences department, according to the CLPS website. Previously, linguistics was one of five concentrations — along with behavioral decision sciences, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive science and psychology — within the CLPS department.
Increased independence from the CLPS department has already allowed the program — which houses the linguistics undergraduate concentration — to offer six new linguistics courses and hire two new faculty members this year alone, according to Professor of Linguistics Pauline Jacobson.
Jacobson said she looks forward to watching the program expand in the near future and hopefully be able to thoroughly cover topics like sociolinguistics, syntax, morphology and historical linguistics.
CLPS 0340: "Language and Gender" and CLPS 1311: "Phonetics," taught by Visiting Assistant Professor Jaime Benheim, are among the new course offerings this fall. Postdoctoral Research Associate Chaya Nove is also teaching CLPS 1365: "Historical Linguistics" this semester.
Starting this academic year, CLPS 0300: "Introduction to Linguistics" will be taught during both the fall and spring semesters — clearing a significant "bottleneck" among potential concentrators, said Scott AnderBois, director of the Linguistics program.
Beginning summer 2024, linguistics courses will also be marked with a new "LING" course code, a decision intended to make it easier for prospective concentrators to find courses of interest.
Though the University's linguistics program was originally founded as a separate department, it was merged into the broader CLPS department in 2010. The decision to split linguistics from CLPS is a result of an external review of the department conducted last December, which ultimately supported the separation, according to Jacobson.
When making their case for the split, Jacobson and AnderBois looked at peer institutions and noticed that most other Ivy League universities — as well as schools like the University of Chicago and Stanford University — had larger, independent linguistics departments.
"The governance model for CLPS wasn't working for linguistics," AnderBois said. "It didn't give us enough autonomy to strategically plan for what linguistics needs, or to make the case for the resources we needed to be on par with our peer institutions."
According to David Badre, chair of the CLPS department, the linguistics faculty within CLPS developed a vision for the program that was "distinct from the broader department mission." As a result, the department "agreed that an independent linguistics (program) would be a positive step for both groups moving forward," Badre wrote in an email to The Herald.
"We look forward to what the future holds for both Linguistics and CLPS," Badre wrote, adding that "CLPS will continue to focus on the interdisciplinary study of mind, brain and behavior, including the psychology and cognitive science of language."
Under the CLPS department, linguistics courses and research skewed toward psycholinguistics and cognitive science "to the exclusion of other fields," AnderBois said. But in an inherently interdisciplinary field like linguistics, the ability to make cross-departmental connections is vital, according to Jacobson.
"It's this completely human discipline that still lends itself to the scientific method," she added. "That mixing of formal scientific methods with this incredibly humanistic domain — it's really a field that should play a prominent role in any liberal arts education."
Masako Fidler, professor of Slavic Languages, recalled previously working with a student who wanted to write an honors thesis on language policy connecting concepts within political science and linguistics.
"At that time, the linguistics program was embedded within CLPS, so the scope of the program was" limited, Fidler said, adding that it was thus "impossible" for the student to write an honors thesis.
Fidler, who is part of the linguistics secondary faculty, said she is looking forward to the program's potential for cross-departmental collaboration.
"The program is becoming more diverse and inclusive," she said, pointing to the program's affiliate faculty roster, which includes faculty in anthropology, philosophy, computer science, education, Native American and Indigenous studies and French and Francophone studies.
Prospective linguistics concentrators hoping to gain exposure to the program can look forward to the Brown Undergraduate Linguistics Event on Nov. 4, where students will present previous linguistics research they've done, said Ariel Stein '24, one of the linguistics departmental undergraduate group leaders.
There will also be smaller events throughout the semester called "Curried Functions" — a spin on the computational linguistic technique of currying a function — intended to promote a sense of community for linguistics students and faculty, Stein said.
"We're just really excited for where we're at," AnderBois said. "We're excited for the opportunity to share linguistics with the Brown community — strengthen all these existing connections, build new connections across the University and bring folks together through language."
Anisha KumarAnisha Kumar is a senior staff writer covering Graduate Student Life. She is from From Menlo Park, California, and enjoys doing crossword puzzles in her free time.
A Linguistic Anthropologist Explains How Humans Are Like ChatGPT
ChatGPT is a hot topic at my university, where faculty members are deeply concerned about academic integrity, while administrators urge us to "embrace the benefits" of this "new frontier." It's a classic example of what my colleague Punya Mishra calls the "doom-hype cycle" around new technologies. Likewise, media coverage of human-AI interaction — whether paranoid or starry-eyed — tends to emphasise its newness.
In one sense, it is undeniably new. Interactions with ChatGPT can feel unprecedented, as when a tech journalist couldn't get a chatbot to stop declaring its love for him. In my view, however, the boundary between humans and machines, in terms of the way we interact with one another, is fuzzier than most people would care to admit, and this fuzziness accounts for a good deal of the discourse swirling around ChatGPT.
When I'm asked to check a box to confirm I'm not a robot, I don't give it a second thought – of course I'm not a robot. On the other hand, when my email client suggests a word or phrase to complete my sentence, or when my phone guesses the next word I'm about to text, I start to doubt myself. Is that what I meant to say? Would it have occurred to me if the application hadn't suggested it? Am I part robot? These large language models have been trained on massive amounts of "natural" human language. Does this make the robots part human?
No, you're not a robot, but your language is not so different from an AI chatbot's. Ihor Reshetniak/iStock via Getty Images
AI chatbots are new, but public debates over language change are not. As a linguistic anthropologist, I find human reactions to ChatGPT the most interesting thing about it. Looking carefully at such reactions reveals the beliefs about language underlying people's ambivalent, uneasy, still-evolving relationship with AI interlocutors.
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ChatGPT and the like hold up a mirror to human language. Humans are both highly original and unoriginal when it comes to language. Chatbots reflect this, revealing tendencies and patterns that are already present in interactions with other humans.
Creators or mimics?Recently, famed linguist Noam Chomsky and his colleagues argued that chatbots are "stuck in a prehuman or nonhuman phase of cognitive evolution" because they can only describe and predict, not explain. Rather than drawing on an infinite capacity to generate new phrases, they compensate with huge amounts of input, which allows them to make predictions about which words to use with a high degree of accuracy.
This is in line with Chomsky's historic recognition that human language could not be produced merely through children's imitation of adult speakers. The human language faculty had to be generative, since children do not receive enough input to account for all the forms they produce, many of which they could not have heard before. That is the only way to explain why humans – unlike other animals with sophisticated systems of communication – have a theoretically infinite capacity to generate new phrases.
Noam Chomsky developed the generative theory of language acquisition.There's a problem with that argument, though. Even though humans are endlessly capable of generating new strings of language, people usually don't. Humans are constantly recycling bits of language they've encountered before and shaping their speech in ways that respond – consciously or unconsciously – to the speech of others, present or absent.
As Mikhail Bakhtin – a Chomsky-like figure for linguistic anthropologists – put it, "our thought itself," along with our language, "is born and shaped in the process of interaction and struggle with others' thought." Our words "taste" of the contexts where we and others have encountered them before, so we're constantly wrestling to make them our own.
Even plagiarism is less straightforward than it appears. The concept of stealing someone else's words assumes that communication always takes place between people who independently come up with their own original ideas and phrases. People may like to think of themselves that way, but the reality shows otherwise in nearly every interaction – when I parrot a saying of my dad's to my daughter; when the president gives a speech that someone else crafted, expressing the views of an outside interest group; or when a therapist interacts with her client according to principles that her teachers taught her to heed.
In any given interaction, the framework for production – speaking or writing – and reception – listening or reading and understanding – varies in terms of what is said, how it is said, who says it and who is responsible in each case.
What AI reveals about humansThe popular conception of human language views communication primarily as something that takes place between people who invent new phrases from scratch. However, that assumption breaks down when Woebot, an AI therapy app, is trained to interact with human clients by human therapists, using conversations from human-to-human therapy sessions. It breaks down when one of my favorite songwriters, Colin Meloy of The Decemberists, tells ChatGPT to write lyrics and chords in his own style. Meloy found the resulting song "remarkably mediocre" and lacking in intuition, but also uncannily in the zone of a Decemberists song.
As Meloy notes, however, the chord progressions, themes and rhymes in human-written pop songs also tend to mirror other pop songs, just as politicians' speeches draw freely from past generations of politicians and activists, which were already replete with phrases from the Bible. Pop songs and political speeches are especially vivid illustrations of a more general phenomenon. When anyone speaks or writes, how much is newly generated à la Chomsky? How much is recycled à la Bakhtin? Are we part robot? Are the robots part human?
People like Chomsky who say that chatbots are unlike human speakers are right. However, so are those like Bakhtin who point out that we're never really in control of our words – at least, not as much as we'd imagine ourselves to be. In that sense, ChatGPT forces us to consider an age-old question anew: How much of our language is really ours?
Brendan H. O'Connor, Associate Professor, School of Transborder Studies, Arizona State University
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
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Since neuro-linguistic programming is not regulated, the length of treatment can vary greatly. Some therapists may only use NLP in a single session, while others may employ it over the course of weeks, months, or even years. It depends greatly on the type and severity of the problem being treated, as well as the individual client's response to NLP treatment.
Is neuro-linguistic programming evidence-based? While some people may find neuro-linguistic programming helpful, either in therapy or in their career or personal development, the science behind this approach is inconclusive. Most of the available studies are small in scale and have produced mixed results, and the commercial nature of NLP lends itself to conflicts of interest. More research is needed. In the meantime, practitioners must use their best judgment of whether NLP techniques will be helpful in meeting their clients' individual needs.
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